1) a) y = 2t + 1  Y/1 + t/(-1/2) = 1 Which gives y intercept = 1 and t intercept = -½, hence the given line will cut the y axis at (0, 1) and the t axis at (-1/2, 0). Making use of these intercepts the given line is drawn below: The area under this line above t-axis and between the vertical lines t=1 and t=3 has been shaded as below: The area of shaded region can be evaluated geometrically, which is, Area(ABCDE) = area of triangle ABE + area of rectangle BCDE = ½ * AE * BE + CD * CB = ½ * (AD – ED) * CD + CD*CB = ½ * (7 – 3) * (3-1) + (3-1)*3 = ½ * 4*2 + 2*3 = 10 square units Hence, the required area is 10 square units. 1) b) The area between t = 1 and t = x is sketched as below: In the above sketch, the point D on the t-axis has been taken as (x,0). Hence, point A = (x, 2x+1). This gives AD = 2x + 1. Also, point C = (1,0) and hence point B = (1,3). Hence, BC = 3-0 = 3 = ED. This gives AE = AD – ED = (2x+1) – 3 = 2x - 2 The area of the required part = A(x) = area (ABCDE) = area of triangle ABE + area of rectangle BCDE = ½ * BE * AE + CD*ED = ½ * CD * AE + CD*BC (Since BE = CD and ED = BC) = ½*(x-1)*(2x-2) + (x-1)*3 = (x-1)*[1/2(2x-2) + 3] = (x-1)*[x-1+3] = (x-1)*(x+2) = x^2 +x – 2 Hence, A(x) = x^2 + x - 2. 1) c) using the result of part B we have A(x) = x^2 + x -2 On differentiating A(x) w.r.t. x, we get A’(x) = d(x^2+x-2)/dx = d(x^2)/dx + d(x)/dx – d(2)/dx = 2x + 1 – 0 = 2x+1 That means the derivative of the area function A(x) is 2x+1, which is the same expression as the given line (y = 2t+1) below which we had to find the area. Hence, the differentiation of area function gives back the original line. 2) a) The given region A(x) is the area enclosed between the function y = t^2+1 and t axis from t = -1 to t = x as shown below: 2 b) A(x) = ʃx-1(1+t^2)dt = ʃx-1 dt + ʃx-1 t^2dt = x-(-1) + [x^3 – (-1)^3]/3 = x+1 + (x^3+1)/3 = (x^3 + 3x + 4)/3 2 c) A(x) = (x^3 +3x+4)/3 Hence, A’(x) = d[(x^3 +3x+4)/3]/dx = 1/3[d(x^3)/dx + d(3x)/dx + d(4)/dx] = 1/3[3x^2 + 3 + 0] = x^2 + 1 We get A’(x) = x^2 + 1 i.e. A’(t) = 1+t^2 which is the same expression as the integrand of part A. 2 d) A(x+h) is the region between y = 1+t^2 and t-axis from t = -1 to t = x+h while A(x) is the region between y = 1+t^2 and t –axis from t = -1 to t = x. Hence, A(x+h) – A(x) will effectively be the region between = 1+t^2 and t-axis from t = x to t = x+h as shown below in the sketch. 2 e) Below is the rectangle that approximate A(x+h) – A(x) for very small h. Now, From part B, A(x) = (x^3 +3x+4)/3 So, A(x+h) = [(x+h)^3 +3(x+h)+4]/3 Hence, A(x+h) – A(x) = 1/3 [(x+h)^3 – x^3 + 3(x+h) -3x + 4 -4] = 1/3[x^3 + h^3 +3x^2h + 3xh^2 –x^3 +3h] = 1/3[h^3 + 3(hx^2 +xh^2 +h)] = h[h^2/3 + (x^2 +xh + 1)] So, [A(x+h) – A(x)]/h = h^2/3 + (x^2 +xh + 1) But as h is very small so taking h = 0 we get [A(x+h) – A(x)]/h = h^2/3 + (x^2 +xh + 1) = 0 + (x^2 + 0 + 1) = x^2 + 1 Hence, the expression. 2 f) As we saw in part E that rate of change of A(x) i.e. [A(x+h) – A(x)]/h when h is really small becomes x^2 + 1. This explains why A’(x) came equal to x^2 + 1. 3 a) 3 b) g(x) will start to decrease when f(x) takes negative value. In the graph of previous part at approximately x = 1.25, f(x) = 0. Hence, at x = 1.25, g(x) will start decreasing. 3 c) x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 g(x) 0.19997 0.39898 0.59227 0.76784 0.90452 0.97394 0.94978 0.82552 0.63536 0.46146 3 d) Below are the values of g’(x) in the intervals calculated by finding slopes of the above graph. X g’(x) 0 – 0.2 0.99985 0.2 – 0.4 0.99505 0.4 – 0.6 0.96645 0.6 – 0.8 0.87785 0.8 – 1.0 0.6834 1.0 – 1.2 0.3471 1.2 – 1.4 -0.1208 1.4 – 1.6 -0.6213 1.6 – 1.8 -0.9508 1.8 – 2.0 -0.8695 On plotting these we get This graph of g’ is similar in shape (although its step function) to that of f(x). In fact smaller the interval of x we take to calculate g(x) the closer graph of g’(x) resembles that of f(x). 4) In problem 2, we had lower limit -1 ( not zero) and the upper limit x (a variable) and we had got A’(x) = 1 + x^2 ( i.e. same as integrand). In problem 3, we had lower limit 0 and the upper limit x and we got g’(x) = f(x) (i.e. same as integrand of g(x)). Based on these observations it may be concluded that when g(x) = ʃxa f(t)dt then g’(x) = f(x).

1)      a)    y = 2t + 1 

ð  Y/1 +  t/(-1/2)  = 1

Which gives y intercept = 1 and t intercept = -½, hence the given line will cut the y axis at (0, 1) and the t axis at (-1/2, 0). Making use of these intercepts the given line is drawn below:

The area under this line above t-axis and between the vertical lines t=1 and t=3 has been shaded as below:

The area of shaded region can be evaluated geometrically, which is,

Area(ABCDE) = area of triangle ABE + area of rectangle BCDE

                         = ½ * AE * BE  + CD * CB

                        = ½ * (AD – ED) * CD  + CD*CB

                         = ½ * (7 – 3) * (3-1)  + (3-1)*3

                         = ½ * 4*2 + 2*3

                        = 10 square units

Hence, the required area is 10 square units.

1)      b) The area between t = 1 and t = x is sketched as below:

In the above sketch, the point D on the t-axis has been taken as (x,0). Hence, point A = (x, 2x+1). This gives AD = 2x + 1.

Also, point C = (1,0) and hence point B = (1,3). Hence, BC = 3-0 = 3 = ED.

This gives AE = AD – ED = (2x+1) – 3 = 2x - 2

The area of the required part =  A(x) = area (ABCDE)

= area of triangle ABE + area of rectangle BCDE

= ½ * BE * AE + CD*ED

= ½ * CD * AE + CD*BC           (Since BE = CD and ED = BC)

= ½*(x-1)*(2x-2) + (x-1)*3

= (x-1)*[1/2(2x-2) + 3]

= (x-1)*[x-1+3]

= (x-1)*(x+2)

= x^2 +x – 2

Hence, A(x) =  x^2 + x - 2.

1)      c)

using the result of part B we have

A(x) = x^2 + x -2

On differentiating A(x) w.r.t. x, we get

A’(x) = d(x^2+x-2)/dx = d(x^2)/dx + d(x)/dx – d(2)/dx

                                      = 2x + 1 – 0 = 2x+1

That means the derivative of the area function A(x) is 2x+1, which is the same expression as the given line (y = 2t+1) below which we had to find the area. Hence, the differentiation of area function gives back the original line.

2) a)

   The given region A(x) is the area enclosed between the function y = t^2+1 and t axis from t = -1 to t = x as shown below:

2 b) A(x) = ʃ^x_-1(1+t^2)dt = ʃ^x_-1 dt + ʃ^x_-1 t^2dt

                 = x-(-1) + [x^3 – (-1)^3]/3

                = x+1 + (x^3+1)/3

                = (x^3 + 3x + 4)/3

2 c)  A(x) = (x^3 +3x+4)/3

   Hence, A’(x) = d[(x^3 +3x+4)/3]/dx

                          = 1/3[d(x^3)/dx + d(3x)/dx + d(4)/dx]

                         = 1/3[3x^2 + 3 + 0]

                        = x^2 + 1

We get A’(x) = x^2 + 1 i.e. A’(t) = 1+t^2 which is the same expression as the integrand of part A.

2 d) A(x+h) is the region between y = 1+t^2 and t-axis from t = -1 to t = x+h while A(x) is the region between y = 1+t^2 and t –axis from t = -1 to t = x. Hence, A(x+h) – A(x) will effectively be the region between = 1+t^2 and t-axis from t = x to t = x+h as shown below in the sketch.

2 e) Below is the rectangle that approximate A(x+h) – A(x) for very small h.

Now,

From part B, A(x) = (x^3 +3x+4)/3

So, A(x+h) = [(x+h)^3 +3(x+h)+4]/3

 Hence, A(x+h) – A(x) = 1/3 [(x+h)^3 – x^3 + 3(x+h) -3x + 4 -4]

                                       = 1/3[x^3 + h^3 +3x^2h + 3xh^2 –x^3 +3h]

                                      = 1/3[h^3 + 3(hx^2 +xh^2 +h)]

                                      = h[h^2/3 + (x^2 +xh + 1)]

So, [A(x+h) – A(x)]/h = h^2/3 + (x^2 +xh + 1)

But as h is very small so taking h = 0 we get

[A(x+h) – A(x)]/h = h^2/3 + (x^2 +xh + 1) = 0 + (x^2 + 0 + 1) = x^2 + 1

Hence, the expression.

2 f) As we saw in part E that rate of change of A(x) i.e. [A(x+h) – A(x)]/h when h is really small becomes x^2 + 1. This explains why A’(x) came equal to x^2 + 1.

3 a)

3 b)  g(x) will start to decrease when f(x) takes negative value. In the graph of previous part at approximately x = 1.25, f(x) = 0.

Hence, at x = 1.25, g(x) will start decreasing.

3 c)

x	0.2	0.4	0.6	0.8	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.6	1.8	2.0
g(x)	0.19997	0.39898	0.59227	0.76784	0.90452	0.97394	0.94978	0.82552	0.63536	0.46146

3 d) Below are the values of g’(x) in the intervals calculated by finding slopes of the above graph.

X	g’(x)
0 – 0.2	0.99985
0.2 – 0.4	0.99505
0.4 – 0.6	0.96645
0.6 – 0.8	0.87785
0.8 – 1.0	0.6834
1.0 – 1.2	0.3471
1.2 – 1.4	-0.1208
1.4 – 1.6	-0.6213
1.6 – 1.8	-0.9508
1.8 – 2.0	-0.8695

On plotting these we get

This graph of g’ is similar in shape (although its step function) to that of f(x). In fact smaller the interval of x we take to calculate g(x) the closer graph of g’(x) resembles that of f(x).

4)

In problem 2, we had lower limit -1 ( not zero) and the upper limit x (a variable) and we had got A’(x) = 1 + x^2 ( i.e. same as integrand).

In problem 3, we had lower limit 0 and the upper limit x and we got g’(x) = f(x) (i.e. same as integrand of g(x)).

Based on these observations it may be concluded that when g(x) = ʃ^x_a f(t)dt

then g’(x) = f(x).

Dualism is the superior philosophy

Dualism is the superior philosophy of the nature of reality. Dualism is the belief that mind and matter and both reality. The nature of reality is composed of two parts because there is a material world that exists that people are able to experience with their senses and the mind, which is responsible for thoughts, actions, feelings, sensations and much more.

           

            I reject the principle of monism because it seems illogical that the world ceases to exist beyond the human eye or that solely matter exists and the mind is only a reaction to motion in the physical world. Bishop George Berkeley’s notion that only a spiritual world exists seems to contradict the fact I am currently sitting at my desk; feeling my pencil, hearing the heater turn on, and smelling the pizza beside my desk. This is a complete material sensory experience. Thomas Hobbes’ opinion that only the material world exists also opposes the fact I have chosen, on my own free will, to write this essay with a mechanical pencil. Furthermore, I reject the principle of Eastern views because it seems unjustifiable that there is no permanent definition of the nature of reality. It seems illogical to me that reality is anything and nothing.

            I accept the principle of dualism because I have experienced both material sensory occurrence and have made conscious choices on my own free will. Aristotle’s notion that everything that exists is an individual commodity and has an essence, which makes that existent think a human or a monkey, seems logical.

            Dualism is the superior philosophy of the nature of reality because it is the most logical philosophy. Monism is illogical because of the notion that reality is solely one thing; mind or matter. Eastern philosophy is illogical because there is no solid philosophy and is very vague. Dualism is superior because mind and matter intertwine with each other to form the nature of reality.

Personal Goal Essay

Personal Goal Essay

“No cross, no crown.” From this sentence with only four simple words, I learned that great success comes only after great efforts. Therefore, I continually strive to improve and  develop my academic, social, and professional skills. During my senior year, I attended the Beta Alpha Psi banquet night, and  spoke with recruiters from four big accounting companies as well as many outstanding students in BAP. I learned a lot from these connections, who encouraged me to strongly consider and yearn for a career in accounting. Therefore, after a year of working as an accountant, I decided to go back to school and pursue an advanced degree in accounting to improve my expertise in the field.

In addition to the precious knowledge and teamwork skills I obtained from my undergraduate education in the U.S., I became more independent and confident in my academic and social pursuits. In order to improve my interpersonal communication skills, I devoted my time to tutoring Chinese and worked as a peer leader in the International Program, in which participants work in teams to train peer volunteers, organize freshmen welcome meetings, and escort new students with translation and document proofreading. Because of my good working habits, high responsibility, and coloration (did you mean coloration or collaboration?) skills, my team projects were always able to obtain A grades.

Working as an accountant confirmed my ability in the field, and motivated my enthusiasm to refine my accounting expertise.  Shortly after completing my degree of Accounting and Finance at Indiana University, I entered Dragontex, an international textile and apparel company. I served as an accounting clerk, performingclerical and accounting tasks for the finance department. While at Dragontex, I developed strong hands-on experience in corporate accounting procedures. It opened up a brand new door for me to apply what I have learned to real-world problem solving.

Determined to enhance my skillset, after working at Dragontex, I began work as an accountant assistant at HBA International, a leading hospitality design company. Because I was assigned with projects and tasks regarding inter-company transactions, this new work broadened my skill set and account management experience. (I think it would help to list specifically what skills you gained from this experience.)

Due to an issue with working visas, I came back to China in July 2013 and started to work at Hebei Harmony Enterprise, an export company, as an accountant. Currently, I have mastered the export business procedure and have become an accounting team leader.

With more than a year’s working experience, my leadership and integrity became prominent. Simultaneously, I became determined to pass the CPA exam.  To qualify for the CPA exam, I need to complete additional education beyond my bachelor’s degree, and I believe the MPAcc program at the University of Washington will provide me with strong ethics, innovative thinking, and excellent communication skills.

Receiving an MPAcc degree at University of Washington with its excellent instructors, academic resources, abundant teaching materials as well as real world experience will provide an excellent opportunity for me to realize my dream of becoming a CPA in the short term and a CFO as a long term career. I firmly believe that I can make full use of my prior academic and professional experiences at the University of Washington gain relevant knowledge and lay a solid foundation for becoming a future leader as well as an entrepreneur in the field of accounting.

I highly appreciate your consideration of my application to University of Washington.

Second Essay

Pension and housing security are two major, interrelated problems that affect the building of a harmonious society. In China today, there are 178 million senior citizens, occupying 13% of the population. This figure will increase to 300 million by 2025. At the same time, China is facing a serious pension payment problem. Based on the current pension plan system, the shortage of basic pensions will be 18 billion RMB in 2014. In October 2013, the Chinese government officially placed the “Reverse Mortgage” scheme on the agenda, and will run a pilot test at the beginning of 2014, which aims to boost the financial security of the country’s growing number of elderly. 

The reverse mortgage is a financial instrument that allows seniors to draw upon the equity in their home without income or credit qualifications. It is already available in America, Canada, Singapore, and Australia. China ultimately decided to introduce the reverse mortgage in order to combat problems associated with pension reform and supporting senior citizens. The concept is ingenious; however, it contains problems and has become controversial in China.

One main concern about reverse mortgage is that children will no longer inherit their parents’ home. In China, passing one’s life savings and property to their children is the most widespread and traditional concept held by the elderly. All Chinese parents work for and contribute to their children until they retire.  During retirement, they expect their children to take care of them instead. This rooted concept is hard to change in the short term.

Secondly, for the banks themselves, the standard 70-year lease on owning a property in China makes it difficult to assess the true value of mortgaged homes. The house’s remaining years of use cannot provide the elderly with enough money to live until they die. China’s unstable property market is also adding to the risk.

Thirdly, in foreign countries, children have to pay a legacy tax between 35% and 65% on property which they inherit from their parents.  However, China does not put the legacy tax into practice, which causes seniors to prefer leaving the property to their children rather than try a reverse mortgage. 

In my opinion, the reverse mortgage scheme may be useful in the future to improve financial development; however, it will not solve China’s current pension security problem.  If reverse mortgages are forced on all families, this means that the elderly are essentially using their house in exchange for a pension. As a result, the government is not solving the problem, but throwing it back on the individual.  

One solution to this problem is to overturn China’s one child policy. This policy has been executed for many years and the side effects of this policy include  a disproportionately high aging population, which reflects the “4+2+1” family pattern. Figures show that nearly half of senior citizens living in China’s urban areas don’t live with their children. That ratio falls to about 40 percent in rural areas. For the only child generation, they don’t have time to take care of elderly parents or pay extra money to hire a nanny. The pension is only enough for the elderly’s basic needs. If the elderly fall ill or want to travel, the pension does not provide adequate funding. Besides the pension shortage, loneliness and depression are becoming more serious problems among the elderly.  A more liberal birth policy will ease the burden placed on children to support their parents during their retirement years.

The second step is to build and perfect home-based care services and community service pension.  China currently has about forty thousand nursing institutions for the elderly, which provide 3 million beds. However, these beds support no more than 2% of the total elderly population. In Beijing, China’s capital, the waiting list for beds is already set to 10 years. Furthermore, even among the elderly who are provided a bed do not always receive the medical care they need.  The government of China should improve the condition of community nursing care centers, allowing this resource to become more useful, convenient, and economical.

Languages

Across the world, indigenous languages are dying, but there have been efforts and successes in the preservation of indigenous and minority language and culture.  As XXXX wrote in their work XXXX, "Languages are the pillars of cultures and the vehicles of oral traditions" (CITATION). They are an integral part of people's identities and have an important heritage to preserve. Each language is structurally unique. Each  language lost, represents the loss of centuries old knowledge, heritage and history forever.

Cultures are significantly weakened by the loss of their languages. The shift from one language to a dominant language can happen quite rapidly (Fishman, 1994).About half of world’s languages have fewer than 10,000 speakers (Ethnologue, 2009). Some reports have said that approx. 90% of world’s languages are listed as “endangered” or “threatened”. One shrinking language in existence today is Gullah, whose loss would diminish the vibrancy and culture of the South Carolinian African Americans who speak it.

I believe the preservation of language is extremely important for reasons I will explore in this paper. However my focus will be on the Gullah language, a language that has a rich history that deserves to be shared for centuries to come. There are many colorful , historic languages but factors play into their going extinct.

One large reason for language change has to do with interactions among different languages. Languages transform when facing a new environment, new political condition, or new resident status. A group's native tongue may, fail to satisfy the educational, political, employment demands and needs of their new location. In order to effectively function in society, these people are forced to use another language. As a result of this, their first languages are commonly in danger of being replaced by the second language (e.g.,Latinos, and non English native speakers in the United States). Linguists call them circumstantial bilinguals, people who were forced to learn a dominant language for survival purposes. In order to fully engage in the society, they must gain some sense of proficiency in the dominant language.

The Gullah are a distinctive group of Black Americans. Descendants of enslaved Africans who live in the Lowcountry zone of South Carolina and Georgia. They reside in communities along the Atlantic coastal plain and on the chain of Sea Islands which runs parallel to the coast. Due to their geographical isolation and tight knit community life, the Gullah have been able to preserve more of their African cultural heritage than any other group of Black Americans. However the language is diminishing. The language is called Gullah on the South Carolina Sea Islands and Geechee in the city of Charleston and throughout Georgia. Linguists refer to the Gullah language as an English-based creole language.    

For years, Gullah was thought to be poor or broken English. In the 1900s, Lorenzo Dow Turner  an African-American  linguist  and scholar  who is known as the “Father of Gullah Studies” .Turner studied Gullah on the Sea Islands and in 1949 published a book titled Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. According to research he found that the language is composed of English and over 4,000 words from different African languages. Today approximately over 150,000 people speak the language.

Preserving minority languages is essential. Preservation can be achieved through music,technology…..

Anthro Edit and Revised

While numerous indigenous languages may be dying across the world, there have been many efforts and successes to preserve indigenous and minority languages and cultures.  As XXXX wrote in their work XXXX, "Languages are the pillars of cultures and the vehicles of oral traditions" (CITATION). They are an integral part of people's identities and have an important heritage to preserve. Each language is structurally unique. When a language is lost, the centuries old knowledge, heritage, and history that it represents are lost along with it. I believe the preservation of language is extremely important for reasons I will explore in this paper. My focus will be on the Gullah language, a language with a rich history that deserves to be shared for centuries to come.

Language loss is a phenomenon that occurs throughout the world. The shift from a minority language to a dominant language can happen quite rapidly (Fishman, 1994). About half of world’s languages have fewer than 10,000 speakers (Ethnologue, 2009). Some reports have said that approximately 90% of world’s languages are listed as “endangered” or “threatened” (Citation). One large reason for language change has to do with the interactions that take place between different languages.

Language transformation occurs when minority speakers face a new environment, new political condition, or new resident status where a dominant language is present. A group's native, minority tongue may fail to satisfy the educational, political, and employment needs of their new location. In order to effectively function in society, these people are forced to use another, dominant language that is more prevalent in their changing environment. Linguists call these speakers “circumstantial bilinguals,” or people who were forced to learn a dominant language for survival purposes. As a result of this, the speakers’ first languages are commonly in danger of being replaced by the second language that they were forced to use. For example, in the United States, Latinos and non-English native speakers must use English in order to succeed in school and at work. In order to fully engage in the society, they must gain some sense of proficiency in the dominant language. As a result of their increased use of English, many generations of Latinos and non-English native speakers lose their ability to speak their original, minority tongue.

Cultures are significantly weakened by the loss of their languages. As XXXXX explains in their work XXXXXX, “Language is intrinsic to the expression of culture” (Citation). Language is important to culture because it acts as a mode of communicating customs, beliefs and values. It is the means by which culture is shared, and therefore sustained. Because of the unique way that different languages are able to communicate different ideas and values, language is fundamental to cultural identity. If cultural diversity is valued in today’s world, it is imperative to promote the preservation of as many different minority and indigenous languages as possible. However, this is a daunting task. In 2009, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched an online directory of endangered languages, classifying more than 2,000 at risk of extinction, including Aleut, Navajo, Warnman, and Palikur. The loss of these unique languages would have significant impacts upon the Aleutian, Navajo, Warnman, and Palikur cultures. In addition to the languages on this list others are gradually shrinking. The Gullah language is one such example of a dying language whose loss would profoundly impact its people’s rich culture.

One shrinking language in existence today is Gullah, whose loss would diminish the vibrancy and culture of the South Carolinian African Americans who speak it. The Gullah are a distinctive group of Black Americans. The Gullah are descendants of enslaved Africans who lived in the Lowcountry zone of South Carolina and Georgia. They reside in communities along the Atlantic coastal plain and on the chain of Sea Islands that runs parallel to the coast. Due to their geographical isolation and tight knit community life, the Gullah have been able to preserve more of their African cultural heritage than any other group of Black Americans (CITATION?). The Gullah language, called “Gullah” on the South Carolina Sea Islands and “Geechee” in the city of Charleston and throughout Georgia, is diminishing.

Linguists refer to the Gullah language as an English-based creole language. The Gullah language has even had an impact on English over the past hundred years or so. There have even been a few words from Gullah that have carried over into English including nanny, goober, gumbo, tote and yam. For years, Gullah was thought to be poor or broken English. In the 1900s, Lorenzo Dow Turner, an African-American linguist and scholar who is known as the “Father of Gullah Studies,” studied Gullah on the Sea Islands and in 1949 published a book titled Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Through his research, found that the language is composed of English and over 4,000 words from different African languages. Today approximately over 150,000 people speak the language. However this number has continued throughout history and still continues to shrink as English because the lingua franca of the Gullah people.

PARAGRAPH HERE ABOUT UNIQUENESS OF GULLAH CULTURE. How is it distinct from mainstream American beliefs/values/traditions? What are some of the unique beliefs/traditions the Gullah people have?

PARAGRAPH HERE LINKING GULLAH CULTURE AND LANGUAGE How does the Gullah language uniquely describe their culture/beliefs/values? Are there certain words existing in Gullah that do not translate to English? Why? What do these distinctive meanings/phrases/words show about the Gullah people? If their language was lost, how would the Gullah Culture SPECIFICALLY be impacted? No generic arguments, use SPECIFIC reasons that are only applicable to the Gullah.

Preserving indigenous and minority languages is essential to cultural diversity. Just as XXXX explains, “A tongue that is not spoken will shrivel into extinction” (CITATION). Gullah speakers, have been known to face discrimination and “remain virtually incarcerated in an identity that is synonymous with lack: lack of means, lack of opportunity, lack of education”. <<<This does not fit in with the rest of your paper. Despite this, efforts are being taken to preserve their language.

WHEN WRITING CONCLUSIONS:

1) FIRST SENTENCE: RESTATE THESIS/ARGUMENT

2) BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE EACH OF YOUR MAIN POINTS IN A SENTENCE OR SO. (SO ABOUT A SENTENCE SUMMARY PER PARAGRAPH).

3) ADD ON 1 OR 2 FINAL SENTENCES TO WRAP THE WHOLE THING UP.

MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT (CHINA AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE)

MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT

THROUGH: SUSAN RICE

SUBJECT:  CHINA AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE

We urgently require your decision regarding our response to China’s recent controversial announcement of an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) covering an area of the territorial sovereignty dispute in
South China Sea which has raised great concerns amongst US allies, escalating regional tension for the potential military confrontation. This situation has become one of the critical importance in light of the following:

(i) Allies seeking US clarifications:  We have recently received a message from the government of Japan, Vietnam and the Philippines seeking US actions in response to China ADIZ in the South China Sea.

·           Outlining ASEAN’s Joint Statement to express concern over any “threat” to international civilian aviation, reaffirming the common positions of Southeast Asian nations and Japan on "maritime security" and "freedom of navigation" in international waters.

·           Requesting US diplomatic action and political support in light of international rule of law that could contribute to promoting peace and stability at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels.

(ii) Military involvement

·           The Japanese maritime self-defense forces plan to dispatch P-3C patrol aircraft to conduct an extended joint military training in the dispute areas at the Sangley point naval base in the Philippines.

·           Vietnam seeking US deployment of military patrol aircraft at the Da Nang airbase.

·           Intelligence reports from various quarters regarding China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, training exercises that included circumnavigating the Japanese archipelago and transiting the Spratly Islands.  Intelligence reports also indicate the issuance of an explicit threat against uncooperative foreign aircraft, a reflection of Chinese increasingly assertive territorial claims.

(iii) China’s position

·           State Councilor of the PRC, Yang Jiechi has sought an immediate telephone call with Secretary John Kerry to discuss China’s positions and to discuss concrete measures to mitigate the rising tension.

Key Considerations

(i) Our policy regarding the territorial sovereignty disputes with regards China’s ADIZ in the South China Sea maybe distilled into three main priorities.

·           Prevent war at all cost. An escalation of the tension could lead to military conflict and a potential full scale of war.  We cannot dissuade China from creating an ADIZ, but will caution all sides against unnecessary brinksmanship.

·           Although we can continually emphasis that the 'pivot' to Asia extends beyond military policy, any diminution of that presence will have a major impact on the perception of US strength in the region. The engagement of the US military forces in the South-East China Sea, therefore, remains pivotal to ensure stability in the region.  

·           We can be expected to concentrate our regional policies on maintaining a stable military balance and accept that the local powers, in particular, Japan and ASEAN to assume primary responsibility for the design of the basis for future relations in the territorial sovereignty dispute in South-East China Sea.

(ii) Japanese leaders deny the very existence of a dispute over the islands and Shinzo Abe's foreign policy platform, which rests on the notion of Japanese resurgence, reflects a broader reluctance in Japan to tolerate further perceived Chinese encroachments into Japanese territory.

(iii)  Given the lopsided power asymmetry between China and its Southeast Asian neighbors, neither the Philippines nor Vietnam possesses credible indigenous deterrence against China's prospective announcement of an ADIZ in the South China Sea.

(iv) Judging from past East China Sea ADIZ, China will likely seek to de-escalate tensions without conceding the substance of its assertions or claims. It may scramble fighters to escort foreign planes (rather than threatening them), giving the appearance of asserting authority regardless of whether the planes comply with its regulations.  Later, when it deems circumstances conducive to further advance, it will push forward again.

Policy Options

(I) Prepare for intervention:  Dispatching B-52 bombers as well as deploying air craft carriers through the ADIZ area without following the Chinese regulations. Unlike newer, stealth aircraft,
B-52s are easily identified, suggesting that we want the planes to be noticed to signal our defiance.  However, where possible, refrain from actual military intervention; coordinated effortlessly with allies, notably Japan, Vietnam and the Philippines to conduct joint military training in the dispute area; pressing Manila for an agreement to rotate US marines through a new naval facility under construction at Oyster Bay, which opens to the South China Sea, underscoring that this is a multilateral action.

Advantages:

·        Maintain US leadership role in East and Southeast Asia as a counter balance of power vis-à-vis China rising military power.  Signaling that the US increasing military involvement is a reliable security provider for the region.

·        Since US has relatively few bases in the region and virtually no ground-force presence outside South Korea and Okinawa, the deployment of aircraft patrol in Danang military base can act as a strategic advantage to gain control right at China’s backyard. Taiwan could also act as an unsinkable aircraft carrier and forestall Chinese naval to exert control over the Luzon Strait, the waterway connecting the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea.

·           The military operations allow the US to preserve its good relations with the claimants and maintain a strategic and military foothold within Southeast Asia.  If situation were to escalate, we could immediately launch large scale operations, giving it the ability to interfere anywhere throughout Southeast Asia.

Disadvantages:

·           It is likely that there will be frequent encounters between Japanese and Chinese fighters in the ADIZ.  By sending aircraft into China's ADIZ to challenge China's excessive claims and asserting navigational rights. The worst-case-scenario is a collision that could escalate into a larger conflict if managed badly.

·           We will be indirectly and directly involve in military conflicts as a result of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and US.  It will leave no room for doubt that the Chinese will not back off, as their losing the territorial sovereignty, in particular, the Diaoyu islands, interprets the loss of political legitimacy of the communist party as well as a humiliation against Japanese imperialist. 

·           Once we are engaged in a full scale of military operations, China might utilize nuclear weapons when it is faced with advanced technological weaponry. There will be no international resolution because both China and the US are permanent members of the UN Security Council. A military action against China will have a highly deplorable impact on international security at large. Specifically, we will have to pay a tremendous economic price for taking military action in the South China Sea.

(II) ASEAN as a regional architecture:  Resolving the issue at the multilateral level will be an important test for the US and ASEAN. Both sides must strive to ensure its driving role in the building of the architecture for the regional security and prosperity. China must come to realize that its tough stance on the South China Sea issue is detrimental to its peaceful rise as well as affects the positive attitudes of ASEAN countries toward it. Instead of adopting a confrontational stance, US and ASEAN must seek to engage China by making use of regional mechanisms and tools. In particular, this includes the implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC).

Advantages:

·      Demonstrate to China the benefits of all claimants working in the rule-based system as ASEAN history of economic and political cooperation with China could greater deter China’s increasing assertiveness. In particular, encouraging all sides to explore diplomatic and other peaceful means towards viable solutions, including through the use of arbitration and other international legal mechanisms.

·      The affirmative position of the US will further complicate the situation in this region, and has internationalized and multilateralized the disputes over the South China Sea, which ultimately will make ASEAN as a whole to lean on the US.

·      Such internationalization of the problem will create greater pressure on the Chinese government. China would also have hardly been comforted by the fact that not a single country in Asia supported its move. This is interpreted as part of a strategic attempt to further isolate China by driving a wedge between China and its stalwart allies in the region, in particular, the non-claimants ASEAN, Burma, Laos PDR, Thailand and Singapore.

Disadvantages:

·      Our relations with Southeast Asia has begun at a low point, after the cancellation of presidential official trip in October 2013 for the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and East Asia Summit meetings.  It might be somewhat questionable and difficult for the US to take leadership role as ASEAN could question the US real interests to support ASEAN vis-à-vis with China.

·         As the issue of sovereignty in the South China Sea is actually made up of a number of separate disputes, China would probably remain adamant that it will resolve the South China Sea dispute only through bilateral negotiations rather than facing greater numbers pressure from the ten ASEAN countries.

·         Territorial disputes in the South China Sea continue to expose divisions inside ASEAN. Without a cohesive identity and clear future vision, ASEAN is risking strategic irrelevance and remain at the mercy of great power rivalry between China and the US for regional influence. 

(III) Combination of military measures and constructive engagement with allies:  We should issue press statement that condemns China’s unilateral action that constitutes an attempt to change the status quo. We should support freedom of overflight by flying undeclared military aircraft through it but implicitly support the Japanese and the Philippines joint military exercise. We will not take a position on competing territorial claims, but remain steadfastly committed to our allies, especially support Japan to become regional power, increasing arm trade with allies to meet more of their own security needs indigenously to counterbalance China.  At the same time, support ASEAN leadership and apply confidence building measures such as peaceful means of dispute settlement, joint development area, international law, maritime cooperation and pushing progress toward finalizing Code of Conduct (COC)
Advantages:

·           Underlines the US commitment to encourage the peaceful resolution of potential regional conflicts and engage in an emerging regional architecture of robust institutions to promote regional stability and prosperity.

·           Reaffirms the importance of regional peace and stability, maritime security, unimpeded commerce, and freedom of navigation, in accordance with relevant universally agreed principles of international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and other international maritime law, and the peaceful settlement of disputes of South China Sea.

·           A militarily rejuvenated Japan is likely to cause immense strategic problems for China; for which its audacious move in setting up an ADIZ would be largely responsible. One that could serve as a counterweight to China and assist strategic allies such as the Philippines and Vietnam to cope with an increasingly precarious regional environment.

·           US can act as a conflict mediator to support the establishment of a joint development area for the exploitation of natural resources between the claimants in a cooperative efforts and laying aside the issue of sovereignty. Such solution require neither state renounces its maritime claim nor recognize the legitimacy of another state’s while making it possible to address resource problems. 

Disadvantages:

·           Despite the fact that our endeavoring to decline from dispute and reluctant militaristic confrontation, to continue the policy of neutrality, there can be little doubt that our longstanding alliance, and possibly overall security cooperation in Asia would deteriorate.

·           Japan with military and political power corresponding to its economic power could potentially be a much less reliable alliance partner. A powerful Japan will probably raise another security problem adding to the complexity of the inter-related issues of the rising power of China and the Korean reunification prospects.

·           Since any joint exploration of natural resources in the continental shelf will necessary require direct involvement of the concerned governments. In the midst of constant political pressure from China, any cooperatives efforts between the claimants for the joint development in the sea-bed remains problematic.

Recommendation: Option III: The third options is the preferred, for the following reason:

(i)  There is too much at stake in their bilateral relations for the US and China to adopt harsh antagonistic postures. Option III is viable not only it is an appropriate combination of contingency actions enabling us to deter further deterioration of the situation but the multilateral efforts providing us with long-term policy to mitigate the rising tension. By focusing on diplomatic, military support and multilateral efforts, we can effectively ensure containment and isolation policy vis-à-vis China.

(ii)  Any policy option that overreacted to China's recent foreign policy have failed to address adequately the constraints that domestic politics place on Xi Jinping’s power in the international arena.  The increasing pressure by the hardliners in the communist party combined with the growing public disappointment on how the government has handled the South China Sea disputes has influenced Xi to adopt a more confrontation stance towards its neighbors. Nevertheless, Chinese sabre-rattling is often a reflection of domestic sentiment and a form of public appeasement. Xi knows well that China does not have the capability to wage a real war against its neighboring countries while also trying to maintain domestic social stability. He may show a tougher stance in territory disputes with other Asian countries, but it is superficial, and when it comes to relations with the US, he will try to avoid direct confrontation.